'Sapiens - A Brief History of Humankind' : Yuval Noah Harari

     

   If you are interested in the history of Human Evaluation (I am saying evaluation not creation ! ) and also in the process of 'Life' then this book can be the book of your desk. 

      'Sapiens' is a non- fictional work written by Yuval Noah Harari. This book is about how a Human being evolved on Earth. Here writer has tried to prove his arguments by providing an accurate example.  

    Mainly this book is in four parts. 

• The Cognitive Revolution 
• The Agricultural Revolution 
• The Unification of Humankind 
• The Scientific Revolution

 

   In the beginning chapter ( An Animal of No Significance)  writer has tried to represent the Big Bang Theory. Particularly, the whole process takes place through the ideas of Physics,chemistry and biology. In addition it tells the story of how these above four revolutions have affected humans and their fellow organism/ Biology.   

    Earlier there were total four Homo Species.

1. Homo rudolfensis (  East Africa ) 
2. Homo erectus ( East  Asia ) 
3. Homo neanderthalensis ( Europe and western Asia )
4. Homo Sapiens ( us ! ) 

 
     Homo Sapiens survived ! the reason was the thinking capacity of Homo Sapiens.  They were able to cooperate / conquer the others. The diversity in behavior patterns becomes the 'Cultures'. These unstoppable alterations take place of 'history'.

  The another interesting chapter is History's Biggest Fraud.  It is mainly about Agricultural Revolution. For Homo Sapiens wheat becomes the most successful plants in the history of the earth. But in this process Wheat domesticated us ! Consequently, an idea of investment, led sapiens towards the violence. Ultimately,  it's hard to avoid the impression that for the vast majority of domesticated animals, the Agricultural Revolution was a terrible catastrophe.

        This revolutions led sapiens in the material world.  In the subsequent chapters, we see how bureaucracy works, how injustice in history has affected the present day context, and also the so called idea of race.  For that we see that how these all laws and norms invented.  Furthermore,  he gives the example of the Vicious circle - If you want to keep any human group isolated : women, Jews, Roma, Gays,  blacks, -  the best way to do it is convince everyone that these people are a source of pollution.

      Another point we see is about He and She : for that we find a valid argument that- A good rule of thumb is Biology enables,  culture forbids.' Biology is willing to tolerate a very wide spectrum of possibilities.
     

        The third part discusses about Money. Philosophers, thinkers and prophets have besmirched money and called it the root of all evil. But money became more open minded. Because it doesn't discriminate on the basis of religion,  gender, race, age or sexual orientation.  

     

         Many time we questions the idea of Imperialism. Similarly,  in this book we get the idea of how it works.  For that it raises the question of cricket and chai in India. 

          Now a days the so called idea of religion became a mean way of politics. However,  humanity is considered as the new religion.  

     In the last part,  writer has tried to give so many answers related to science. How Homo Sapiens have questioned the nature...!?  Moreover,  this part focuses on the idea of capitalist creed.  

     Furthermore,  we see that how this modern world seeks for happiness.  Their life became meaningless. Yet, homo sapiens remains more and more active to gain more,  they reached at the idea of artificial intelligence. 

        By concluding,  I can say that it is a wonderful book to read.  Because it has covered almost all the phenomenon of Human being. Apart from these all, it has tried to represent the real danger of contemporary time.  And also the capacity of Homo Sapiens !