Vipul Dabhi: April 2018

Thursday 5 April 2018

Assignment -8

Assignment

Name : Dabhi Vipul
Semester : 2
Roll no : 35
Email : dabhivc04@gmail.com
Enrollment no : 2069108420180009
Paper 8 : The Cultural Studies
Topic : C.S. in practice : To His Coy Mistress and Limitations of Cultural Studies
Batch : 2017-2019
Submitted to : Department of English MKBU

Introduction :
What is Cultural Studies :
The word "Culture " itself is to difficult to pin down. Cultural studies is hard to define. Cultural studies is not so much a discrete approach at all, but rather a set of practices. As Patrick Brantlinger has pointed out, cultural studies is not " a tightly coherent group of tendencies, issues, and questions ".
Cultural studies is composed of elements of Marxism, poststructuralism and postmodernism, feminism, gender studies, anthropology, sociology, race and ethnic studies, film theory, urban studies, public policy, popular culture studies, and Postcolonial studies. Cultural critics " to erase the boundaries between high and low culture, classic and popular literary texts, and literature and other cultural discourses that, following Derrida, may be seen as manifestations of the same textuality. "

C. S. Study generally share four goals :
1- Transcends the confines of a particular discipline.
2- Politically engaged.
3- Denies the separation of high and low or elite and popular culture.
4- Analyzes not only the cultural work, but also the means of production.

C. S. In practice : To His Coy Mistress
First there are minor difference between historical fact and new historicism, historical fact is fact about past when new historicism is deals with history and it is against traditional historicism and formalism. Implied culture is somehow related with culture. Marvell’s to his coy mistress suggests a rejection of existing conventional beliefs and power structures in 17th century in England. Poem illuminates some of the tension between self and society that emerge.
In the poem Marvell indicate ambivalent historical moment, new historicism is to distinguished if from the somewhat dreary and encyclopedic, historical work. Implied culture is reflects implied reader and implied author that concept are interwoven, implied reader simultaneously an interpretation of the history.
A historical Fact is a Fact about the past. It answer the very basic question, “What happened?” yet beyond merely listing the events in chronological order,
Historical try to discover why events happened, what circumstances contributed to their cause, how they were interpreted etc…
In an effort to get at what really happened, historians compare stories from a wide variety of sources, searching for common elements that wrrobrate a plausible account.
Accounts are comparing with archeological findings. Neither history nor archeology is an exact science, but technique and technology improvements over the years have enable them both to make stronger and cases for their accounts of the past.
Yet historical facts are subject to frequent disagreement. Much disagreement is due to the past Fact that accurate history is difficult to obtain, for a variety of reasons. Much information regarding the past has been lost. Many cultures have a rich oral history, but lack written documents. Oral account or, “story telling” Suffer from an inherent loss of information.
Historical Fact does play a central role in other kinds of conflicts, for example: - long – running international conflicts over territory.
The historical rhetoric become a cyclical part of the escalating conflict – each side holds its own biases; those biases affect the way each side interprets the past; these biased interpretations are repeated and circulated with fact.
In such a conflict it becomes increasingly difficult to uncover the authentic history are due to the continual cycle of interpretation and propaganda. In this way, historical “Fact” can add significantly to a conflict’s intractability. Here one beautiful sentence related with history and facts;
I believe that imagination is
Stronger than knowledge-
Than myths is more potent
Than history,
I believe that dream are more
Powerful than facts-
That hopes always triumphs
Over experience-
That laughter is the only cure
For grief.
And I believe that love is
Stronger than death
- Robert Fulghum.
Implied Culture:-
Implied means to express or indicate by a hint or suggest. Originof this word. Imply word come from old French empire, from Latin, implicate to involve.
Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person. Culture should be seen in a broad sense, as in anthropological studies. Culture is not only understood at the advanced intellectual development of making as reflected in the arts, but it refers to all society conditioned aspects of human life. Language is also interrelated with culture.
Simple meaning of culture: is the ideas, customer and social behaviour of a particular people or society.
‘To his coy Mistress’:-
Andrew Marvell’s “To his coy Mistress” tell the reader’s good deal about the speaker of the poem, Much of which is already clear from earlier comments in this volume, using traditional approaches.
Andrew Marvell’s To His coy Mistress in this he write an elaborate poem that not only speaks to his coy mistress but also to the reader.
Mistress encompassing many literary technique including tone, imagery, alliteration, metaphor, irony, enjambment and similes. Marvell’s “To His coy Mistress” also suggests a rejection of existing conventional beliefs and power structures in seventeenth-illuminates some of the tensions between self and society that emerge in the poem. Generally, Marvell uses time symbolic for death as his archenemy in the poem. Marvell uses a dramatic sense of imagery and exaggeration in order to really his message to the reader.
“Had we but world enough and time this coyness, lady, were no crime we would sit down and think which way to walk and pass our long love’s day; thou by the Indian Gange’s side shouldest rubies find; I by the tide……
To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell this poem in the classical tradition of a Latin love elegy, in which the speaker praises his mistress or lover through the motif of crape diem. The poem also reflects the tradition of triple- leveled soul; Biblical echoes a “platonic- Christian corporal economy,” and the convention of the blazon.
The first stanza, says broody shows “itself- insistence, exaggerated literariness”. In the second stanza broadly sees not only the conventional carpe diem theme from Horace but also echoes from Ovid. Broadly posits the implied reader – as distinct from the fictive lady- who would be able to summon up a certain number of earlier or contemporaneous examples of this kind of love poem and models which Marvell may variously have been evoking, imitating, distorting, subverting or transcending.
What is Implied reader: In a simple word when you read a book you are the actual reader you are part of a book and all you get together to discuss your own thoughts and reflections to a book.
On the other hand you get a bunch of literary theorists together to talk about a book, they are not discussing their own thoughts and hoe they really liked that one scene. They are talking about how the reader is reacting to the book or what response a certain text is electing from the reader in this case is a hypothetical person made up to represent hoe literary theorists think someone should or would respond to the material this is implied reader.
Theory of reader response a hypothetical ‘role’ or ‘model’ of someone assumed by the author to share the knowledge necessary in order to fully understand that act or text as distinct from any actual readers.
In the poem poet compare historical fact and culture poem is spoken by a male lover to his convince her to sleep with him. Marvell wrote this poem in the classical tradition of a Latin love, elegy in which the speaker praises his mistress or lover through the motif of crape diem, or seize the day.
Marvell praises the lady’s beauty by complimenting her individual features using a device called an erotic blazon, which also evokes the influence technique of 15th and 16th century patriarchal love poetry.
In other words like Marvell, the speaker is a highly elucated person, one who associated images moves lightly over details and allusions that reflects who he is, and he expects his reader or reader to respond in a kind of harmonic vibration. He thinks in terms of precious stones of exotic and distant places, of a milieu where eating, drinking, and making seem to be an achievable way of life.
The implied reader is embodied in the way in which text structures response in the form of a network of schemata patterns points of view and indeterminacies that requires and constrain interpretation. I this poem poet talking about coy lady and in that sense speaker known from his own words, and justified in speculating that his coy lady is like the implied reader. Poet compare coy lady with implied reader he uses it in parody. He seems to assume that she understands the parodic nature of his comments for talking her in on the jests he appeals to her intellect comparison of to his coy mistress is poet’s idea and it might appear to be the culture and the era of the speaker his lady- and his implied culture with reader.
In to his coy mistress we know of the speaker from his own words, we are justified in speculating that his coy lady is like the implied reader, equally well educated and therefore knowledgeable of the conventions he uses in parody. I that sense Marvell’s poem is truly represent implied reader and historical fact.
With reference to historical fact one more important thing is also apply here that is New Historicism.
New Historicism: New historicism is a literary theory based on the idea that literature should be studied and interpreted within the context of both history of the author and the history of the critic. It is based on parallel reading of literary and non-literary texts of the same historical period. The basic concept of new historicism is ‘inter- textuality’.
Historical fact is new when historicism is history itself is a form of social oppression, told in a series of raptures with previous ages; it is more accurately described as discontinuous riven by “Fault lines” that must be integrated into succeeding, culture by the epitomes of power and Knowledge.
New historicism frequently borrows terminology from the marketplace. In marketplace: negotiation, exchange and circulation of ideas are described. From Foucault perspective new historicists developed the idea of broad “totalizing” function of culture observable in its literary texts, which foacalt called episteme.
Here one best example related with new historicism is, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. In his novel he gave that name to Flying Island in the third voyage it is Laputa. One main thing is the science fiction aspect of that island is shown here. There are many question arise in that time but there may be answer and as well new historicism is the right approach to answer this type of question. So in that sense new historicism is necessary. There are many writers gave their views about new historicism that are;
Michael Warner phrases new historicism’s motto as
“The text is historical, and history is textual”
Frederic Jameson insisted “Always historicize.” As a return to historical Scholarship, new historicism concerns itself with extra literary matters-letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical treatises-looking to reveal opposing historical tensions in a text.
New historicists seek “Surprising Coincidences.” New historians see such cross-cultural phenomena as texts in themselves when one question arise about Laputa island now how can new historicism helps us answer the question raised.
In that answer Flying Island and female anatomy. Gynecology power in Gulliver’s Travels. Susan Bruce offers a reading of book iii that makes some new historicist sense out of Swift’s use of Laputa. Bruce examines a four volume commentary on Gulliver’s Travels by one coralline di Marco.
Di Marco’s observation gets to the episode in book iv, A voyage to the Houyhnhnms, in which Gulliver captures rabbits for food. At that point he Versimilluate that thing.
So new historicism is a historicism that deals with history imaginatively and subversively. In Gulliver’s Travels we can say about that it was quite interesting to read the book, how each different journey he went on the people he meant depicted different group of people in history, as well as Swift’s comments on those group of people.
Examples of New historicism:
A new historicist looks literature in a wider historical context. For example, studying Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, one always comes to the question of whether the play shows Shakespeare to be anti-Semitic. The new historicist recognizes that this is not a simple yes or no answer that can be tested out by studying the text. This work must be judged in the context in which it was written; it is focus on a text from it point of view of the cultural moment. New historicism and history and fact are related to each other. It is developed in 1980s through the work of Stephen Greenbelt which gained prominence and influence in 1990s. There are many books and arties which are based on theory of new historicism. One is Historicism by Paul Hamilton. Cultural Historicism by Albert H. Tricomi. Many new historicism have a knowledge a profound indebtedness to the writings of Michel Foucault, French philosopher historian According to Foucault, has a single Cause; rather, each event is tide into a vast web of economic, social, and political factors. Like Karl Marx, Foucault shows history in terms of power. Through this poem (To his coy mistress) Marvell portrays his subject as a dangerous subject and in doing so evokes the discord of the political moment. Poem its Systematic rejection of authority. This “marginalized” groups. C.S Lewis, writing new historicism had become an accepted school of literary criticism; Elements of new historicism provide many other postmodern ideas, like queer theory and gender studies. So historical fact does not give ‘universal truth’ but rather gives ‘half truth’ or part of truth.

Limitations of cultural studies :
The weakness of it is lie in its very strength. Particularly its emphasis upon diversity of approach and subject matter. One times it seem merely an intellectual smorgasbord. Without researching we can not study cultural studies. Sometimes lack adequate knowledge of the "deep play " of meaning or "thick description " of a culture that ethnographer Clifford Geertz identified in his studies of the Balinese. Sometimes it downplay the necessity of reading the classics, and that they sometimes coerce students into "politically correct "views.
If we are tempted to dismiss popular culture, it is also worth remembering that when works like Hamlet or Huckleberry Finn were written, they were not intended for elite discussions in English classrooms, but exactly for popular consumption. It can be called Culture wars also.
Humanities is now started falling. This "body of discourses " about "imperishable " values has demonstrably negated those very values in its practices.
Reading of literature is making people better. But the things which looked like unbreakable but right now that things also started breaking in it self.
Work cited : http://drashtidave1315.blogspot.in/2014/03/examples-of-new-historicism-historical.html?m=1
Reference book : A handbook of Critical approaches to literature : Wilfred Gueren, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne Reesman, John.

Assignment -7

Assignment

Name : Dabhi Vipul
Semester : 2
Roll no : 35
Enrollment no : 2069108420180009
Email : dabhivc04@gmail.com
Paper 7 : Literary Criticism
Topic : Differentiate the approach of Structuralist and Post Structuralist with appropriate examples.
Batch : 2017-2019
Submitted to : Department of English MKBU

Introduction
What is Structuralistic view :
Structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.
List of Structuralist theorists
Course in General Linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure.
Essais de linguistique générale, Roman Jakobson.
The Elementary Structures of Kinship, Claude Lévi-Strauss.
Structural Anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss.
Mythologiques, Claude Lévi-Strauss.
The Seminars of Jacques Lacan, Jacques Lacan.

What is Post structuralistic view :
Post-structuralism offers a way of studying how knowledge is produced and critiques Structuralist premises. It argues that because history and culture condition the study of underlying structures, both are subject to biases and misinterpretations. A Post-structuralist approach argues that to understand an object (e.g., a text), it is necessary to study both the object itself and the systems of knowledge that produced the object.

List of Post Structuralist theorists

Jacques Derrida,
Michel Foucault,
Gilles Deleuze,
Judith Butler,
Jean Baudrillard and
Julia Kristeva
although many theorists who have been called "post-structuralist" have rejected the label.

Difference between structuralism and Post structuralism :

The short answer is that structuralism looks at the relations or the structure present within phenomena, while poststructuralism takes into account the actual relations and structure present within the structuralist approach you employ to understand something. So it's a kind of meta.

The long answer is that philosophers have always been searching for some kind of core, meaning or answer. "God", "human", "being" etc. Then Heidegger came along and asked everybody a question: we're always searching for some kind of core, a center, but what about questioning our very need to search for the core and the center? (He wasn't the only one or the first one to ask this, but let's use him as a landmark, just to understand the timeline better.) Then there were a few others who started to question that need to find the answer to everything and connected it strongly to language, "the limits of our world", etc.

Long story short, gradually people shifted from trying to find the ultimate answer to studying the actual workings of this search for the ultimate answer. The structure of our thinking, the relations that define who we are and what we're thinking, how language (and other mediums we use) affect us, etc.
That's structuralism more or less. It doesn't attempt to give the ultimate answer anymore, it just admits that it proposes a way of looking at things through relations. But then if you start looking at things in this way you lose some kind of emotional attachment and poetry. So there was this resurrection of mystical and poetic in philosophy and let's use Derrida here as the main protagonist, why not. He was the one to say, ok, let's look at the structure of things, at all the relations and the dynamics of how things are to understand better, fine. He even did it himself quite a lot also. But then what you're left with is a whole disassembled in parts and that's not good, because it loses life. So to inject life again into the disassembled whole, we need to assemble it again. But in a way that will produce something new, like poetry or art.

This approach was then further developed (without using the "poststructuralism" monicker) by the likes of Agamben and Meillassoux – speculative realism perhaps being the latest attempt to do philosophy in a way that has a meaning but doesn't make logical sense although still provides for a very inspiring reading.
Structuralism was a literary movement primarily concerned with understanding how language works as a system of meaning production.
That is to say, structuralism asked the following question: How does language function as a kind of meaning machine?
To answer this question, structuralism turned its attention to form.
Focusing on the form or structure of the literary work, and the particular use of language in the work, would allow structuralists to think of language as a kind of science.
The primary theorist framing the ideas associated with structuralism was Ferdinand de Saussure, who developed the idea that language was composed of arbitrary units that were void of concept or meaning until they acquired meaning through a language system that relied on differences between terms within their larger linguistic and social contexts. Poststructuralism, on the other hand, is less singularly defined as a movement than structuralism.
A number of literary theories fall under the larger umbrella of
poststructuralism, including gender theory and reader-response theories. These theories recognize the overarching notion that meaning does not exist outside of the text and that meaning is not fixed but rather contingent and unstable.
Poststructuralism evolved alongside Jacques Derridas theory of deconstruction, which emphasized this concept of unstable, unfixed meaning as it functioned in language. According to Derrida, language is made up of units that do not contain inherent meaning and relate to other units (or signifiers) through their difference.
Meaning, in deconstructionist theory, is therefore constantly deferred, never landing in one place or becoming stable. Poststructuralism emerges in this context, recognizing this lack of fixed or inherent meaning and yet also acknowledging the need for language to acquire meaning.

Post-structuralism, on the other hand, cannot help viewing this pseudoscientific endeavor as futile and even ridiculous. The post-structuralists argue that truth and objective reality are not only inaccessible, but also altogether inexistent within language. Since physical reality can only be apprehended through language, and since our conscious self itself is a product of language, the quest for objective meanings and universal structures becomes therefore completely illusory. In the same way, the concept of nature, which was already very problematic within structuralism, becomes totally impossible with its counterpart. As Jacques Derrida demonstrates, this search for certainty, for a solid ground behind language, which he calls the metaphysics of presence, has been the ultimate quest of Western philosophy from Plato onwards, and can thus be perceived, under one form or another, throughout our philosophy. According to Derrida, structuralism falls prey to the same fallacy in its pursuit of universal and objective patterns. In that sense, as we will see, the French philosopher speaks of a perpetual absence, which can never be fulfilled. In the same way, he argues that meanings, which we are so certain of finding behind words, are actually never there, but continuously postponed, and accordingly always absent. Put very simply, we can say that, while structuralism separates the sign from physical reality in asserting that language can never grasp this reality, post-structuralism takes it a step further and disconnects the signifier from the signified within the sign itself. For post-structuralism, signifieds, or meanings can never be grasped behind the words in the same way as raw physical reality cannot be apprehended through language.

Structuralism, which can be seen either as a method or a world view, was born from linguistics, as Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics constitutes its real foundation. Later on, the American linguistic Roman Jakobson developed some of its aspects, such as phonology. After the Second War, structuralism expanded toward anthropology with Claude Lévi-Strauss, and literary criticism with, among others, Roland Barthes (the early Barthes), Tzvetan Todorov and Jonathan Culler. Eventually, this powerful intellectual current reached philosophy and all the spheres of social sciences. By the end of the sixties, structuralism reigned supreme as it had overthrown the so far prevalent world views of phenomenology, Marxism and existentialism. However, even as it achieved the peak of its popularity, it received a deadly blow from post-structuralism, and then quickly lost its appeal. Some critics (Murfin 363) have argued that modernist angst and alienation accounted for structuralism’s extraordinary success; similarly, its unifying impulse can be seen as a logical reaction against the increasing fragmentation of knowledge. However, such an effort failed in the end, and post-structuralism has only given us more reasons to feel alienated, and for knowledge to be fragmented.
Structuralism in Hamlet :
Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a Structuralist’s dream come true. Read from the lens of a structuralist point of view, the story is perfectly woven in a literary structure of patterns, connections and motifs.

Hamlet is first and foremost, a tragedy. Structuralism values stories that connect to tropes and genres of the past, and Hamlet is no outlier to the tragedy formula. Tragedy requires the downfall of a character of high agency, and often involves death, and especially, death of the innocent. Hamlet as a character goes from a the strong figure of a prince on the path of revenge, to a character of murderous madness to falls from royalty and honor to his grave. The structuralist formula of tragedy is followed excellently by Shakespeare’s Hamlet.

Structuralism also greatly values the “system of recurrent patterns or motifs.” Shakespeare’s play features many memorable motifs, such as the power of words, the idea of madness, imagery and allusion to poison, revenge and murder. Hamlet also features an incredibly strong structure of parallels.

Hamlet, is paralleled to both Laertes and Young Fortinbras in Shakespeare’s universe. All three young men of this play have lost their fathers to murder and seek revenge. Hamlet is paralleled to his father in his feelings of fury towards his Uncle, his feelings of apparent cuckolding in the loss of his mother to his Uncle, and most shallowly, in his name. Ophelia and Gertrude are often paralleled in both the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia and Hamlet and his mother, and their actions. The play features a play within the play, which directly parallels the murder of the late King Hamlet. And just as King Hamlet died by the work of poison, so did his murderer, his brother King Claudius.

Post Structuralism :
Poststructural Analysis of “Leaves of Grass” by Walt Whitman
Grass offers new definitions of self, democracy, and nationhood. Whitman is not only the poem’s author, but also its speaker, a fact which challenges the reader to decenter Whitman’s assertions and meanings. While the poststructuralist temptation may be to ignore Whitman’s persistent first person viewpoint the reader can arrive at his or her own interpretation of the text by embracing it. By appropriating the “I," the reader challenges Whitman’s facile assumption that he speaks for every man. By rendering this poststructuralist reading, the reader forces to become a chorus of possibilities rather than Whitman’s solo.
When the reader becomes the narrator, Whitman is decentered .The reader does not have to accept Whitman’s observations and claims simply because he or she has appropriated Whitman’s identity and voice. Rather, the reader can—and should—pause to consider whether Whitman’s observations fit with his or her knowledge and experience. Readers can contest Whitman’s conclusions because they have claimed interpretive agency. Every time the reader utters “I" he or she is immediately called to question Whitman’s assertions. Whitman does not speak for every man. He articulates his own dream of America, but the very nature of America is its multiplicity of identities and differences of opinion. The poststructuralist reader understands that Whitman’s attempt to speak for all men is an impossible undertaking.

Work cited :
https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-Post-structuralism-and-structuralism
https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/themes/Edu/curriculum/curriculumQAAJAX.php?action=getcourseunitqas&courseunitid=8341
http://www.articlemyriad.com/poststructural-analysis-leaves-grass-walt-whitman/
https://hamletstructuralism.wordpress.com

Assignment -6

Assignment

Name : Dabhi Vipul
Semester : 2
Roll no : 35
Enrollment no : 2069108420180009
Email : dabhivc04@gmail.com
Paper : 6 Victorian Literature
Topic : How Industrial Revolution played its negative role in the society? Discuss with the reference of Oliver Twist.
Batch : 2017-2019
Submitted to : Department of English MKBU

Introduction :
First let us see the What Industrial Revolution is about. We can say a period where we find a changes in manufacturing the products or in the daily life of the common people.
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.

Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and many of the technological innovations were of British origin.[2] By the mid-18th century Britain was the world's leading commercial nation[3], controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa, and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent, through the activities of the East India Company.[4] The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution.

Social effects
Factory system :
The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children, including many orphans. They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off. It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work. Lack of adequate transportation, long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers.[30] Many workers, such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers, who had nothing but their labour to sell, became factory workers out of necessity. (See: British Agricultural Revolution, Threshing machine)

The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx, however, he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology.
Standards of living :
During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.
The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial, and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s. A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population, that was at the bottom of the social ladder, suffered severe reductions in their living standards.During 1813–1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.
Food and nutrition :
Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the Corn Laws (1815-1846). The Corn Laws, which imposed tariffs on imported grain, were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers. The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the Great Irish Famine.
Housing :
The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms.Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low-income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums. Clean water, sanitation, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and tuberculosis among young adults. Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s.

Sanitation :
In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odors and turned the rivers green in industrial cities.

In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems.
Water supply :
Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems and pumping of water was done by water wheels. Pipes were typically made of wood. Steam powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households.

Increase in literacy :
The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.
Urbanization :
The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities, compared to nearly 50% today (the beginning of the 21st century).Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million.
Impact on women and family life :
In a more positive interpretation, Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women's emancipation.[117] Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women, finding three stages in English history. In the pre-industrial era, production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households. The second stage was the "family wage economy" of early industrialisation; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members, including husband, wife and older children. The third or modern stage is the "family consumer economy," in which the family is the site of consumption, and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption.
Child labour :
There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the industrial system was completely new, there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries.
Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in Britain: Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours.
Destruction of hand textile production in India, China, etc.
The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India, parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine-made textiles, which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work, many of whom starved.[30]

Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery
Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton; previously, it had primarily been consumed in regions where it was grown, with little raw cotton available for export. Consequently, prices of raw cotton rose. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, cotton was grown in small plots in the Old World — the uncrowned Americas were far better able to recruit available land with the potential for new cotton production. Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies, particularly in Hispaniola, but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable, leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil.

Impact on environment :
The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits. They usually lost and modified the worst practices. The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish. Finally, Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity. The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits.

Negative role in Oliver Twist :

Now let’s take about that how Industrial Revolution plays its role in Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist & The Industrial Revolution Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In 1860, perhaps only half a children in London who actually had any schooling. Many children worked 16-hour days under atrocious conditions, as did their parents. As more people commuted to town to work, the demand for clothes and food grew. There were more things needed as the cities grew. More and more machines were beings built in factories and with that, the companies needed cheap labour.

In Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens describes some issues that occurred during the Industrial Revolution: children of the poor were forced by economic conditions to work, some kids were used as commodities, and there was a great difference between the first, middle, and third classes. Some parents sent their kids to work because they did not have enough money to support the family. Kids were being paid 3s (shillings) a week. If there were no work available at the factory kids would just go back to the farm, or others would end up going on the streets and becoming prostitutes. Most prostitutes were between the ages of 15 and 22 years old during the Industrial Revolution. In Oliver Twist, the character Nancy is a prostitute. She had no education and the only means of getting money was if she was on the street. Dickens was showing the times of the Industrial Revolution, and through this, the story seems very real. During the Industrial Revolution, kids were used as possessions. In the beginning of the novel, Oliver is used to pick oakum. He lives in an orphanage where the kids are used as slaves. They were sold door to door to the right buyer. In chapter III, Oliver's future darkens when Mr. Gamfield, a chimney sweep, applies to take the boy. Mr. Gamfield cares so little about Oliver, that he does not care if the chimney catches on fire, as long as Oliver does his job.
Observation of industrial area near my village :
If I compare this things with my village then I would like to say that it played both positive and negative role in the society.
Positive role :
People of village gets easily work. With affordable salary.
The people who are involved in the transportation businesses for them the situation is quite good.
A few person 's whole businesses are based on the people who are working here. And they receives good money. Like they gives rooms, food and all other services to them.
A few farmers sales their vegetables near industrial area and gets enough prices for it.
Negative role :
Most of the children leaves their education.
Now a days Air Pollution becoming more cruel for us.
Soil has started losing it's fertility.
Water of Well is now becoming mixed with chemicals.
Most of the parents thinks that if they will not make educate their children yet their children will get enough salary and as a result of it they takes out their children from school.
Still we found the conflicts of caste. Some how upper caste rules.
People suffers from skin disease and from lung cancer.
People are becoming victim of affairs.
People are now found involved in some illegal activities like selling of liquor, Or in distillery. They himself now becoming addicted of all this things. And their families pays the price through different different ways.
Almost 90% of working women intakes the tobacco.
So I can say that some how industrial revolution played a role like... It has taken so many years to make good economic development but as it happened vices comes so quickly.
Work cited :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

Assignment - 5

Assignment

Name : Dabhi Vipul C
Semester : 2
Roll no : 35
Enrollment no : 2069108420180009
Email : dabhivc04@gmail.com
Paper : 5 The Romantic Literature
Topic : What are the reasons behind the publishing work anonymously? And which are the famous works?
Batch : 2017-2019
Submitted : To Department of English MKBU

Introduction :
The question arises in our mind is that why some of the writer had published their works anonymously. There were so many reasons behind the publishing work anonymously. The reason which we found is that the situations of that time which lead writer to publish their works anonymously. Most of the writer were women who had published their work anonymously. It means at that time for women there was not any place in writing or expressing their feelings through the literature. If your works is based on some critical condition then writer feels fear to publish their works with original name. Because as a result of it, writer can be lose their family members. Sometimes family members will be stand against you.
Anonymous is more than a pseudonym. It is a stark declaration of intent: a wall explicitly thrown up, not only between writer and reader, but between the writer’s work and his life. His book is one thing and his “real” life another, and the latter is entirely off limits, not only to you, the reader, but presumably to almost everybody. Sometimes he has written about something too intimate, too scary, too real, for him to bear public scrutiny. Once the connection is known, what he has written will mark his ordinary life ineradicably.
What is the benefits of it...
There were some famous writers who had published their work anonymously and received very good success.
such as the Brontë sisters (Ellis, Acton, and Currer Bell), Cecil Day-Lewis (Nicholas Blake), Jane Austen (A Lady) and Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), who all decided for one reason or another to mask their true identity. Voltaire is thought to have used at least 178 pen names during his lifetime. But what is the difference between writing anonymously and taking a nom de plume, you might ask? Using a consistent pseudonym allows readers to group together your body of work. Publishing your work anonymously means that the reader has no context at all about the author, other than what is within the pages of that particular text.
If you have a name that is too similar to another writer’s, or if your birth name is Angelina Jolie, for example, you may wish to use a pseudonym to ensure there are no mix-ups and to create your own unique brand. Sometimes authors choose a name that is easier to pronounce or spell, or just sounds better than their own. American romance novelist Julie Woodcock (Angela Knight) writes under her nom de plume because her actual name is suggestive within the context of her genre.
Writers living under an oppressive regime may feel they have no choice but to hide their true identity if they intend to be critical. For example, Chinese writer, human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner, Liu Xiaobo, who has been imprisoned for dissident activities and whose writing is banned and considered subversive by the Chinese Communist Party, published many of his works abroad, and chose to take the pseudonym Lao Xiao when publishing in mainland China. Another example is the pen name Ibn Warraq, which has been adopted by various dissident writers critical of Islam.
History has been littered with examples of female authors taking male pseudonyms such as Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), Nelle Harper Lee (Harper Lee) and Louisa May Alcott (A. M. Barnard), who opted for male pen names to ensure their work would be taken seriously.
Some authors want to branch out into other genres without jeopardising their reputations. Take J.K. Rowling (Robert Galbraith), for example, who decided to use a a pen name for her 2013 work ’The Cuckoo’s Calling’, when she was branching into the crime genre. On her website, she writes that she wanted to ‘go back to the beginning of a writing career in this new genre, to work without hype or expectation.’ In fact, Rowling chose to use her initials rather than full name for her Harry Potter novels because her publisher insisted that they would be more appealing to young boys if it was not evident that she was a female writer. Last year it was revealed that Russian crime author, Grigory Chkhartishvili (Boris Akunin), had taken additional pseudonyms, including the female one Anna Borisova, as he did not want to be confined to the crime genre. He even photoshopped an author photo of his female pen name by mixing his own picture with that of his wife’s.
If you have been tempted to write about workplace scenarios you may fall foul of your colleagues or employment contract if you divulge secrets. Remaining anonymous can be a better route but does not necessarily protect you from legal proceedings. Take David John Moore Cornwell (John Le Carré), for example, who began his work as a spy novelist while he himself was an MI6 agent. Or The London Paper’s City Boy column, which ran under a cloak of mystery for two years from 2006 until the author was unmasked as Geraint Anderson.
Series fiction, such as the Nancy Drew series, is sometimes published under one pen name although a collective of writers have ghost-written the books.
Sometimes, like for Stephen King (Richard Bachman), using a pseudonym is a way for writers to find out whether their work is successful on its own merit or because of their fame.
Some Indian authors used to publish works using a pseudonym or under the name of a deity because they believed it to be egotistical to publish under their own name. To this day, many early works by Indian writers are untraceable because of this practice.
And then there’s authors who choose anonymity or a pen name because it gives them the freedom they need to write without worrying about what friends, family or the world will think of their work. Perhaps they want to be free to recycle family history or let their characters be violent, deviants, or whoever they need to be for the story, without any raised eyebrows or backlash.
Female writers who had published their works anonymously
1: Louisa May Alcott: Prominent 19th century writer Louisa May Alcott began her career under the male pen name A. M. Barnard. While her most famous work, Little Women, was published under her real name, she gained considerable notoriety as Barnard in the mid 1860s.
2 :Alice Bradley Sheldon: It was not known publicly that James Tiptree was the pen name of American author Alice Bradley Sheldon until ten years before her death. Sheldon adopted the male pseudonym to gain better recognition in the male dominated literary genre of science fiction and to distance herself from her past writings. Tiptree proved to be a hit within the genre of science fiction, winning several awards for her novels and short stories.
3 : Charlotte Bronte: As the author of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte is one of the most celebrated female novelists in all of history. Many, however, do not realize that this quintessential English novel was originally written under a male pen name. Charlotte Bronte published her works under the name Currer Bell. This name represented the male identity necessary to succeed during the time in which Bronte was actively writing. Charlotte Bronte wished to separate herself from the negative association female writers had at the time.
4 : Emily Bronte: Publishing under the male pen name Ellis Bell, Emily Bronte is most widely known for her only novel Wuthering Heights. She and her two sisters chose to write under masculine pseudonyms to deter any bias on the basis of their gender. Emily Bronte’s health (like her sisters’) was poor throughout most of her life. She died at the young age of 30 in the year 1948.
5 : Joanne Rowling: As author of the outrageously popular series Harry Potter, J. K. Rowling gained widespread popularity in a span of only a few years. Known almost solely as J. K. Rowling to the public, Rowling’s full name is Joanne Rowling (with no middle name). Rowling wrote the first installment of the Harry Potter phenomenon and submitted the work to her publishers under the name "Joanne Rowling". Her publishers urged her to use only initials for the publication with fear that the target audience of young boys would not read something written by a woman. The "K" as the second initial of Rowling’s pen name is completely fabricated. It is impossible to say whether Harry Potter would have achieved the immense fame that it has if written under Rowling’s true name — but we certainly think it would have.
Early anonymous classical works ...
Cantar de Mio Cid
Beowulf
Dresden Codex
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The Second Shepherds' Play
"Enchiriadis" texts
Scolica enchiriadis
Musica enchiriadis
The Battle of Maldon
Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan
Gesta Hungarorum
The Secret History of the Mongols
St. Erkenwald
Corpus Hermeticum
Poetic Edda
The Lady of Escalot
One Thousand and One Nights

Jane Austen's works which published anonymously

Jane Austen, born on December 16, 1775 in Steventon, England, was one of the eight children born to George Austen and Cassandra. She completed 6 novels in her lifetime, 4 of which were published before her death. All of her works were published anonymously until her death.
1. SENSE AND SENSIBILITY:
This is the first published novel, written by Austen. It appeared in the year 1811, under the pseudonym "A Lady". It is a story that revolves around the Dashwood sisters, Elinor and Mariann. It portrays their experiences of love, romance and heartbreak.

2. PRIDE AND PREJUDICE:
This book is the most popular work of the legendary novelist and has seen several film adaptations and musical adaptations. Though the book was first published in the year 1813, the first version of the book, entitled 'First Impressions' was penned down between 1796 and 97.

There's more to the book than merely the first line, " It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife". And of course, there's Mr Darcy.
3. MANSFIELD PARK:
Similar to other Jane Austen stories, this novel too, is a story about a young woman trying to find her place in the social order. The novel ends with a marriage, providing a hint at the uncertainty of knowledge about the life after marriage.
4. EMMA:
Emma Woodhouse, the protagonist of the novel, is one of the favorite characters among readers. The book can satisfy a wide gentry of readers as it is partly romance, partly comedy, partly drama, and partly detective. Jane began writing this novel in the year 1814, however, completed it in 1815. This became Austen's fourth published novel and the last one before her death. The first edition of the book, consisting of 2,000 copies, did not sell well, thereby leading to a delay in the second edition, that took place in the year 1833.

5. PERSUASION:
Surprisingly, this novel was published posthumously. The story features a heroine who is often unappreciated and to some degree, exploited by those around her; a handsome prince who appears on the scene but seems more interested in the "more obvious" charms of others; a moment of realisation; and the final happy ending. Different people would have a different perception; some would consider it as being based on the theory of 'karma', while some would consider it to have provided the second chance to a lover.
6. NORTHANGER ABBEY:
Northanger Abbey was Jane Austen's sixth and final published novel. It appeared after her death in the year 1817. The book is a satire on the gothic themed novels which were popular in that era.

Another example :
In the case of “A Woman in Berlin,” an anonymous woman’s clear-eyed, dispassionate account of having been half-starved and raped multiple times during the occupation of Berlin in 1945 posed a threat to her in about a thousand different ways. In addition to the risk of being branded a “tainted” woman because she had been raped—an issue discussed in detail in the book—it was very dangerous to keep a diary in that precarious time and place (she wrote in a combination of shorthand, longhand, and code). That she was able to describe so many horrors with such calm precision and authority is a testament to her fierce will. She chose to tell it all, despite how much danger she was in. Anyone who read her book would know much more about this brave and wise author than all but her closest friends, colleagues, or acquaintances could possibly know. But when she showed the diary to her boyfriend on his return from the war, as she writes in the memoir, he was horrorstruck. He turned her away; he left her.

The manuscript of “A Woman in Berlin” was placed in the hands of Kurt Marek, a fellow-journalist and friend who saw the book through to its publication in the United States, in 1954. The author shared with him her own rationale for having taken the risk of writing: the expiation of her personal complicity, however passive, however ignorant, in the Nazi atrocities. “None of the victims will be able to wear their suffering like a crown of thorns. I for one am convinced that what happened to me balanced an account.”

There are a lot of different reasons for preferring one’s life to remain separate from one’s work, but it’s not at all clear that such a separation can finally be made. And if it were possible to remain Anonymous, as the author of “A Woman In Berlin” did throughout her lifetime, would one’s “real” life come to seem less so? That is to say, did she feel that she was playing a part, with all those who did not know about her experiences, or about her authorship of this famous book? How heavily did her secrets weigh on her? Would her memories have weighed more, or less, had she never kept a diary?

Conclusion :
No book is dangerous in and of itself. A book is only a collection of words in a certain order, pages, screens, a sequence of ideas. Ideas alone can never hurt us. People only make ideas dangerous by fearing and hating them, and by vilifying and persecuting those who disagree with them. In this way, the association of a writer with his ideas can be very dangerous, even deadly. You stand a reasonably good chance of denying ever having read a book, but it’s a great deal harder to hide from having written one.
Work cited :
http://http://nillunasser.com/2013/10/15/publishing-anonymously-or-taking-a-pen-name/ https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/by-anonymous-can-a-writer-escape-vulnerability https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/jane-austin-books-357618-2016-12-16

Monday 2 April 2018

Ph.D. viva of Arpit Dave

# Attended Ph.D. viva of Arpit Dave

# At Academic Hall , New Admin building, MKBU.

# Number of students came from Department of English MKBU .

# Research Supervisor

Dr. M. B. Gaijan Sir Dr. Dilip Barad Sir

Dr. Chetan Trivedi Sir

The topic of Ph.D. :

Critical Study of Interpretations and translations of The Vedas and The Upanishads by Sri Aurobindo another Translator.

Key concepts of his Thesis :

Three main Trends of interpretation and translations .

1- Brahmana Trend

2- Aryana Trend

3- European Trend

He used the term " double entendre " .

Vedas are not of only particular religion.

What is the relevance of it in today's time.

It is for harmony, happiness.

Dr. Radhakrishnan said : The crisis in the society will be of consciousness not of Economic or Political.

We can not translate the every word from the text. Like Musical form of the Mantras.

The difference between western translation and Aurobindo's translations. Some how Aurobindo's translation gives more appropriate meanings.

At the end of the presentation students has asked very relevant and more curious questions.

And at the last the research supervisor gave suggestions to the students that first choose your interested topic for the further study and that will help you to be with your topic. Also they all have congratulate him.

So overall it was fruitful session to attend. And also The rigorous work seen in his work. To complete his thesis he worked almost 7 years.

Here I am putting some images of his presentation .