I Want to Know Why by Sherwood Anderson

 

"I Want to Know Why" by Sherwood Anderson is a poignant coming-of-age story that delves into themes of disillusionment, the loss of innocence, and the harsh realities of life. The narrative follows a young boy, who, through his experiences at a racetrack, confronts the darker aspects of human nature and the complexities of adult relationships.

One aspect worth analyzing is the boy's gradual disillusionment as he witnesses the cruelty and callousness of the horse racing world. Initially enamored by the glamour and excitement of the racetrack, he becomes increasingly disillusioned as he witnesses the mistreatment of the horses and the moral decay of the people involved in the sport. This disillusionment marks his transition from innocence to experience, as he begins to comprehend the harsh realities of the world around him.

Anderson skillfully portrays the boy's internal conflict as he grapples with his disillusionment and tries to make sense of the contradictions he observes. His desire to understand the motivations behind the actions of the people he encounters reflects a broader theme of the search for meaning and truth in a world filled with ambiguity and moral ambiguity.

Furthermore, the story explores the dynamics of power and control, particularly in the relationship between the boy and the jockeys. The boy's desire to assert his independence and autonomy is met with resistance from the jockeys, who seek to exert their authority over him. This power struggle underscores the broader theme of the loss of innocence and the transition to adulthood, as the boy navigates the complexities of human relationships and social hierarchies.

In conclusion, "I Want to Know Why" is a thought-provoking exploration of the loss of innocence and the search for meaning in a morally ambiguous world. Through its vivid imagery and compelling characters, the story invites readers to reflect on their own experiences of disillusionment and the complexities of human nature. Anderson's narrative mastery and nuanced exploration of universal themes ensure that "I Want to Know Why" remains a timeless and compelling work of literature.

Sherwood Anderson's novel "Winesburg, Ohio" is known for its exploration of several major themes and effective use of symbolism:

Major Themes:

In Sherwood Anderson's short story "I Want to Know Why," several major themes and symbols can be identified:

1. Coming of Age: The story revolves around a young boy's journey toward maturity and understanding. He grapples with the harsh realities of life and the disillusionment that comes with witnessing the brutal treatment of animals at a racetrack. His innocence is shattered as he confronts the darker aspects of the world.

2. Alienation and Disillusionment: The protagonist experiences a sense of alienation and disillusionment as he witnesses the callousness and cruelty of those around him, particularly the treatment of the horses. This alienation contributes to his growing awareness of the complexities and injustices of the adult world.

3. Violence and Brutality: The story vividly portrays the violence and brutality inherent in the world, particularly in the treatment of animals. The graphic depiction of the horse's death serves as a stark reminder of the harsh realities that the protagonist must confront.

4. Symbolism of the Horse: The horse serves as a powerful symbol throughout the story, representing innocence, vulnerability, and the natural world. Its brutal treatment and eventual death symbolize the protagonist's loss of innocence and his confrontation with the harshness of reality.

5. Search for Meaning: The protagonist's quest to understand the reasons behind the horse's treatment reflects a deeper search for meaning and understanding in life. He grapples with existential questions about the nature of cruelty and the senselessness of suffering.

Overall, "I Want to Know Why" explores themes of coming of age, alienation, violence, and the search for meaning in a world marked by cruelty and injustice. Through vivid imagery and powerful symbolism, Sherwood Anderson crafts a poignant narrative that resonates with readers long after they have finished the story.

Task: 

1. Explore the protagonist's journey from innocence to disillusionment in "I Want to Know Why." How does his perception of the world change throughout the story?

2. Read the original story and prepare a visual story line.

3. What is your understanding of the concepts of individual desire and social expectations?

4. Reflect in your own words about the transition of your journey from childhood to adulthood.

The Age of Transition

The Age of Transition in English literature, spanning roughly from the late 17th century to the early 18th century, represents a significant period of intellectual and literary change. Here's a more detailed exploration:

1. Transition from Renaissance to Enlightenment: The period marks the transition from the Renaissance ideals of humanism, individualism, and the revival of classical learning to the Enlightenment's focus on reason, empirical inquiry, and scientific progress.

2. Literary Forms and Styles:

   - Poetry: Poets like John Dryden and Alexander Pope dominated the era. Dryden's works often reflected the political and social turmoil of the Restoration period, while Pope's satirical poetry critiqued the society of his time with wit and irony.

   - Prose: The prose of the period saw the rise of essayists and satirists such as Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, who contributed to the development of the periodical essay as a form of social commentary.

3. Satire and Social Critique: Satire became a prominent literary tool during this era, with writers using it to critique the political, social, and moral issues of the time. Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" is a prime example, offering a scathing critique of human nature and society through allegorical fantasy.

4. Intellectual and Cultural Context:

   - The period was characterized by political instability, religious conflicts, and the consolidation of power under the monarchy.

   - The Scientific Revolution challenged traditional religious and philosophical beliefs, leading to a growing emphasis on reason and empiricism.

   - The rise of the middle class and the spread of literacy contributed to the flourishing of literature and the emergence of a more diverse readership.

5. Literary Themes:

   - Themes of skepticism, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledge were prevalent.

   - Writers explored the complexities of human nature, the corruption of power, and the tension between reason and emotion.

   - There was a growing interest in the natural world and the human experience, reflecting the influence of Enlightenment ideals.

6. Legacy: The literature of the Age of Transition laid the groundwork for the literary movements that followed, including the Romantic period and the rise of the novel in the 18th century.

Overall, the Age of Transition represents a dynamic period in English literature, characterized by innovation, social critique, and a shifting intellectual landscape that paved the way for the modern era.

Task: 

● Online Quiz (Click on it)

1. Why is it called the Age of Transition?

2. What is the historical background of the Age of Transition?

3. What are the major characteristics of the age of transition? Explain it with examples.

4. Who are the famous writers of the age? (Poets, prose writers, novelists, historians, etc.—mention the major works of the writer too.)

5. Who is your favorite writer(s) from the age of transition? Why? 

 

 

 

The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe

 

"The Black Cat" by Edgar Allan Poe is a short story that explores themes of guilt, madness, and the consequences of one's actions. The narrator begins by expressing his deep love for animals, particularly his black cat, Pluto. However, as the narrator descends into alcoholism and violent tendencies, his relationship with Pluto deteriorates.

The story takes a dark turn when the narrator, in a fit of rage, mutilates Pluto, which later leads to the cat's death. This act foreshadows the narrator's descent into moral decay and madness. Poe skillfully uses symbolism, such as the cat's transformation and the marking on its fur, to evoke a sense of foreboding.

The introduction of a second black cat with a striking resemblance to Pluto intensifies the eerie atmosphere. The image of the gallows-shaped mark on the cat's chest adds a supernatural element to the story, contributing to its gothic nature. The narrator, haunted by guilt, becomes increasingly disturbed and is tormented by the second cat.

The climax reveals a horrific event where the narrator murders his wife in a fit of rage, accidentally burying her alongside the second cat within the walls of his house. The walling up of the victims echoes Poe's recurring theme of premature burial and creates a sense of claustrophobia.

As the narrative unfolds, the narrator attempts to maintain his sanity while providing a rational explanation for the strange occurrences. However, his mental unraveling is evident, leading to a chilling conclusion where the police uncover the horrifying truth.

Overall, "The Black Cat" is a masterpiece of Gothic literature that delves into the human psyche, exploring the destructive consequences of guilt and moral degradation. Poe's use of symbolism, suspenseful pacing, and psychological insight contribute to the story's enduring impact on readers.

Task: 

1. How does Poe create a sense of suspense and horror in the story?( Themes, Symbols and etc.) 

2. Why do you think the narrator's descent into madness occurs?

3.What role does alcohol play in the narrator's actions and decisions?

Baby Running Barefoot by D. H. Lawrence

 

"Baby Running Barefoot" is a poem by D.H. Lawrence that vividly captures the innocence, wonder, and purity of childhood. The poem reflects Lawrence's keen observation of a child's spontaneous and unrestrained interaction with the natural world. Here's a brief analysis of the poem:

Key Themes:

1. Childhood Innocence: The poem celebrates the carefree and uninhibited nature of childhood. The image of the baby running barefoot symbolizes innocence, untainted by societal conventions.

2. Connection with Nature: Lawrence portrays the child as being in harmony with nature. The act of running barefoot suggests a direct, sensory connection with the earth, emphasizing the primal and instinctual aspects of existence.

3. Joy and Freedom: The child's uninhibited movement expresses a sense of joy and freedom. The use of phrases like "gold delight" and "little satchel of sweets" conveys the sheer pleasure and simplicity of the child's experience.

4. Imagery: Lawrence employs vivid and evocative imagery to convey the sensory experience of the child running barefoot. The use of words like "skipping," "gay," and "sweet" contributes to the overall positive and uplifting atmosphere.

Stylistic Elements:

- Repetition: The repetition of the word "skip" emphasizes the rhythmic and playful movement of the child, adding a musical quality to the poem.

- Alliteration: Phrases like "bright and brave" and "straight through the bracken" use alliteration, contributing to the poem's rhythm and creating a sense of fluidity.

- Sensory Language: Lawrence employs sensory language, appealing to the reader's senses and creating a vivid portrayal of the child's experience.

In summary, "Baby Running Barefoot" is a celebration of the unspoiled beauty of childhood and the joy found in the simple, instinctual acts of a child exploring the natural world. The poem captures a moment of pure delight and offers a glimpse into the timeless and universal aspects of human experience.

Task: 

1. What's your understanding of the poem? Write it in detail. 

2. How do you see your own journey from childhood to adulthood? 

A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats

 

"A Prayer for My Daughter" is a poem by W.B. Yeats that reflects on the anxieties and hopes of a father for his newborn daughter, Anne. The poem is written in the form of a prayer and explores themes such as the fragility of innocence, the complexities of the world, and the poet's desire for his daughter's well-being.

Key Themes:

1. Innocence and Vulnerability: The poem begins by describing the vulnerability of the newborn child, emphasizing the purity and innocence associated with early childhood.

2. Fear of a Troubled World: Yeats expresses his concern about the tumultuous and unpredictable nature of the world. He fears that his daughter may face hardships and challenges as she grows up.

3. Desire for Protection: The poet expresses a deep desire to shield his daughter from the harsh realities of life. He wishes for her to be protected from negative influences and to maintain her innocence.

4. Reference to Mythology: Yeats draws on Greek mythology, referencing Leda and the swan, to convey his concerns about the potential intrusion of disruptive forces into his daughter's life.

5. Gender Roles and Expectations: The poem touches upon societal expectations and gender roles, portraying the daughter as a figure who should embody traditional virtues and qualities.

6. Hope for Grace and Beauty: Despite his concerns, Yeats ultimately wishes for his daughter to grow into a woman of grace, beauty, and inner strength. He hopes that she will inspire positive change in the world.

Stylistic Elements:

- Imagery: The poem is rich in vivid and symbolic imagery, using visual language to convey the poet's thoughts and emotions.

- Rhyme and Meter: Yeats employs a regular rhyme scheme and meter, contributing to the poem's musical and rhythmic qualities.

- Allusion: The poem includes references to mythology and historical events, adding depth and layers of meaning.

In summary, "A Prayer for My Daughter" is a heartfelt and reflective poem in which Yeats explores the complexities of parenthood, the challenges of the world, and the aspirations he holds for his daughter's future.

Task : 

1. Write a detailed analysis of the poem A Prayer for My Daughter in your own words.

2. "May she be granted beauty, and yet not

Beauty to make a stranger’s eye distraught,"

What is your interpretation  of these lines?

 

   

Bildungsroman or Coming of Age

 

Bildungsroman, a German term, refers to a genre of literature that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of a protagonist, typically from youth to adulthood. It often involves the protagonist's journey of self-discovery, learning, and development, making it synonymous with the coming-of-age novel. Notable examples include "To Kill a Mockingbird" and "The Catcher in the Rye."

One of Charles Dickens' notable works that can be considered a Bildungsroman is "David Copperfield." This novel chronicles the life and growth of its protagonist, David Copperfield, from childhood to maturity, capturing his experiences, relationships, and personal development along the way.

"Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens is another classic example of a Bildungsroman. The novel follows the life of the orphaned protagonist, Pip, as he navigates the challenges of social class, wealth, and personal identity. Pip's journey and moral development throughout the story align with the Bildungsroman tradition.

James Joyce's "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" is a notable Bildungsroman. The novel explores the intellectual and emotional development of its protagonist, Stephen Dedalus, as he grapples with religion, family, and his identity as an artist. Additionally, Joyce's "Ulysses" could be interpreted as a modernist variation of the Bildungsroman, as it delves into the experiences and self-discovery of its characters in a more complex narrative structure.

Task:

 ■Write a blog or post on the below-mentioned points.

1. Write a movie review based on the movie Rockford.

For Example:

● What is your understanding of the idea of "Bildungsroman or Coming of Age?

● What types of inner turmoil does the protagonist go through in the movie?

● What types of issues have been pointed out in the movie?

● What did you learn from the movie?

● Can you provide some other examples based on the "Bildungsroman?" 

 

 

 

Araby by James Joyce

     

"Araby" is a short story by James Joyce, part of his collection "Dubliners." It follows a young boy's infatuation with his friend Mangan's sister and his journey to the Araby bazaar to buy her a gift. The story explores themes of love, disappointment, and the harsh reality of adulthood.

"Araby" explores themes such as:

1. Epiphany and Disillusionment: The protagonist experiences a moment of realization (epiphany) as he navigates the bazaar, but it leads to disillusionment as he confronts the stark reality of his romantic ideals.

2. Paralysis: A prevalent theme in Joyce's works, "Araby" depicts the paralysis of the characters and society in Dublin, emphasizing the limitations and inhibitions that hinder personal growth.

3. Symbolism: The bazaar itself becomes a symbol of the protagonist's idealized vision of love and escape, highlighting the disparity between romantic fantasies and the harshness of reality.

4. Religious Imagery: The story subtly weaves religious imagery, with the title "Araby" suggesting a distant, exotic place akin to the biblical city. This adds depth to the boy's romantic yearning.

5. Social Class and Expectations: The boy's social and economic circumstances influence his aspirations and experiences, reflecting the broader theme of societal expectations and constraints.

These themes contribute to the overall exploration of the challenges and disillusionments faced by individuals in a constrained and stagnant environment.

In "Araby," symbolism plays a crucial role, with various elements representing deeper meanings:

1. Araby: The bazaar itself symbolizes the protagonist's idealized vision of love and escape. It represents a distant, exotic place that, in reality, fails to live up to his romantic expectations, highlighting the contrast between dreams and reality.

2. Mangan's Sister: She becomes a symbol of the protagonist's romantic ideals and unattainable desires. His infatuation with her drives his quest to the bazaar, shaping the narrative.

3. Darkness and Light: The story employs contrasting images of darkness and light. The dimly lit streets and the illuminated stalls at the bazaar symbolize the boy's journey from ignorance to awareness, as well as the contrast between his romantic fantasies and the harsh reality awaiting him.

4. Religious Imagery: The title "Araby" suggests a connection to the biblical city, creating an association with a sacred, distant place. This adds a layer of significance to the protagonist's quest, infusing the mundane with a sense of the divine.

5. Money: The coins the boy collects for the bazaar symbolize the sacrifices he makes for his idealized vision of love. However, in the end, they serve as a stark reminder of the limitations imposed by his social and economic circumstances.

Through these symbols, Joyce conveys complex layers of meaning, exploring the themes of disillusionment, unattainable desires, and the clash between romantic idealism and the harsh realities of life in Dublin.

Task:

Write a blog on the below-mentioned points.

1. Write a movie review based on the movie Rockford.

For Example:

● What are the similarities between the movie Rockford and the poem Araby by James Joyce? ● What types of inner turmoil does the protagonist go through in the story and the movie?

● What types of issues have been pointed out in the movie?

● What did you learn from the story and movie?

2. Write a note on the major themes of the story.

 

The Nightingale and the Rose

Oscar Wilde: 

Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) was an Irish playwright, poet, and author known for his wit, flamboyant style, and sharp social commentary. His most famous works include plays like "The Importance of Being Earnest" and "The Picture of Dorian Gray," a novel that explores themes of morality and aestheticism.

"The Nightingale and the Rose" by Oscar Wilde was written during the Victorian era, a period that lasted from the early 19th century to the early 20th century. The story was first published in 1888 as part of Wilde's collection of fairy tales titled "The Happy Prince and Other Tales." 

Here are some key aspects of the historical context:

1. Victorian Morality and Society:

   - The Victorian era was characterized by a strict moral code and societal expectations. Wilde's works often challenged and satirized the prevailing moral values of the time.

2. Aesthetic Movement:

   - Oscar Wilde was associated with the Aesthetic Movement, which rejected the emphasis on morality in art and literature. Instead, it celebrated "art for art's sake" and placed a high value on aesthetic beauty and the pursuit of pleasure.

3. Industrialization and Social Change:

   - The Victorian era saw significant industrial and technological advancements, leading to urbanization and social changes. These shifts often influenced literature, reflecting concerns about the impact of progress on individuals and society.

4. Romanticism Influence:

   - "The Nightingale and the Rose" exhibits elements of romanticism, a literary and artistic movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, and nature. The story's focus on themes of love and sacrifice aligns with romantic ideals.

5. Oscar Wilde's Life:

   - Wilde, a flamboyant and witty figure, was known for challenging societal norms and expectations. His own life, marked by his wit, aesthetic sensibilities, and unconventional behavior, contributed to the context of his literary works.

6. Critique of Materialism:

   - Wilde used his works to critique the materialism and superficiality of society. "The Nightingale and the Rose" explores the theme of sacrifice for love, questioning the value placed on material concerns over deeper, more meaningful aspects of life.

Understanding the historical context helps readers appreciate the social, cultural, and intellectual milieu in which Wilde wrote "The Nightingale and the Rose." It also provides insights into the motivations behind his critique of societal norms and his exploration of themes related to love, sacrifice, and aesthetic ideals.

Analysis: 

 In "The Nightingale and the Rose," Wilde delves into the complexities of love and the sacrifices one may make in its pursuit. The nightingale's selfless act of sacrificing its life for the creation of a red rose symbolizes the intensity and purity of love. However, the tale also explores the harsh realities of a world that often fails to appreciate such sacrifices.

The young student's shallow understanding of love, represented by his initial rejection of the white and red roses, highlights the societal superficiality that can overshadow genuine emotions. Additionally, the story reflects Wilde's critique of a society that often values material gains over the profound and genuine expressions of love.

The nightingale's song, a recurring motif, emphasizes the transcendent and eternal nature of art and love, contrasting with the ephemeral nature of the red rose. Wilde, known for his wit and social commentary, weaves a tale that resonates with deeper philosophical and moral questions about the nature of love and the sacrifices it may demand.

Task : 

1. Write about your understanding of the story The Nightingale and the Rose.

2. How many characters are there in the story, and what do they do or say?

3. If you were asked to do the second part of the story, what would it be? Write Feely. 

4. Upload the photo of the poetry you have written as a part of classroom activities done based on the story.

Media: Freedom of The Press

 

Shashi Tharoor is known for advocating media freedom and the importance of a free press. He emphasizes its role in fostering democracy by providing information, fostering public debate, and holding those in power accountable. Tharoor often stresses the need to protect journalists and maintain a vibrant, independent press to safeguard democratic values.

Importance: 

Freedom of the press is crucial for several reasons. It serves as a cornerstone of democracy by:

1. Informing the Public: A free press provides citizens with accurate and diverse information, enabling them to make informed decisions about their government, society, and world events.

2. Accountability: Journalists act as watchdogs, holding those in power accountable for their actions. This accountability is vital for preventing corruption and abuse of power.

3. Promoting Open Debate: A free press encourages open discourse and diverse opinions, fostering a healthy exchange of ideas. This contributes to a well-informed and engaged citizenry.

4. Protecting Human Rights: Journalists play a key role in exposing human rights abuses and injustices. Their work often leads to societal awareness and action against such violations.

5. Preserving Democracy: A free press safeguards democratic values by providing a check on governmental power. It helps ensure that decisions are transparent, and the public has the information needed to participate in the democratic process.

In essence, freedom of the press is integral to maintaining a transparent, accountable, and democratic society.

Task: 

1. What is the significance of World Freedom Day?

2. How does access to information bring about empowerment?

3. Which news channel do you watch regularly?

4. Who is your favorite journalist?

5. What do you think about Social Media as a part of Journalism? 

 

Human Interest: A Service of Love by O Henry

 

O. Henry was the pen name of William Sydney Porter, an American short story writer born on September 11, 1862, and who passed away on June 5, 1910. He is renowned for his wit, wordplay, and clever twist endings in his short stories. O. Henry's stories often feature ordinary people in everyday situations, and he was known for his ability to capture the essence of life in New York City during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Some of his well-known works include "The Gift of the Magi," "The Ransom of Red Chief," and, as mentioned earlier, "A Service of Love." His writing style is characterized by a combination of humor, irony, and sympathy for his characters. O. Henry's stories have enduring popularity due to their engaging plots and surprise endings, making him a significant figure in American literature.

A Service of Love" by O. Henry is a short story that explores themes of sacrifice and unexpected twists in relationships. The story revolves around Delia Caruthers and Joe Larrabee, where Delia, a struggling artist and singer, falls in love with Joe, a painter. Both get married and start living together. Joe is unaware of Delia's feelings. Delia, determined to help Joe, takes on the duty of a private tutor and provides music lessons to Celementina, a daughter of General A. B. Pinkney. Joe, in turn, is also trying to earn money by selling paintings.

The story takes an unexpected turn when each person sacrifices their most prized possession, their hobbies, to provide happiness for each other. Their acts of love are poignant, showcasing the theme of selflessness. O. Henry's signature twist ending is revealed when they come to know about their hidden work profession as they both work in laundry, leading to a bittersweet conclusion.

 

Overall, "A Service of Love" is a tale that highlights the complexities of love, sacrifice, and the unpredictability of life. O. Henry's storytelling skill is evident in the way he weaves together the characters' lives and emotions, leaving readers with a memorable and thought-provoking narrative.

Task : 

1. Discuss how O Henry employs the theme of sacrifice and love throughout the story 'A Service of Love'.

2. What is the significance of the title of the story? Discuss.

3. What title would you choose if you were asked to do so? 

4. Translate the song "Monta Re" into English without the help of Google Sources and then cross-check. (Lootera is a Bollywood movie adapted from the short story Last Leaf by O. Henry.) Upload the translation photo to your blog.